BIOMED NOTES 24/25

1. structure & function of lungs 2. function & significance of upper respiratory system 3. heart physiology  cardiac cycle cardio function transport nutrients, hormones remove waste products gaseous exchange immunity blood vessels transport blood  pumps blood through blood vessels heart  middle mediastinum inside pericardium oblique behind sternum 1/3 to right blood flow downward, forward, to the left covering - provide protection against friction (friction-free), prevent overfilling, protect & anchor heart + wall fibrous pericardium - conical sac base attach diaphragm anterior attach sternum by sterno pericardial ligaments posterior - principal bronchi, esophagus, descending aorta  lateral - phrenic nerve  serous pericardium  visceral pericardium = epicardium = mesothelium & CT parietal cavity with fluid  parietal pericardium  myocardium = cardiac muscle & involuntary, striated, branched fiber = pump endocardium = simple squam...

cancer define = uncontrolled division of abnormal cells apoptosis = PCD maintain homeostasis when damaged beyond repair, virus, stress, DNA damage  loss of apoptotic control can lead to cancer apoptosis morphology  discontinuous nuclear envelope condensation/shrink blebbing  DNA fragmentation = karyorrhexis apoptotic bodies - phagocytosis necrosis  swelling smooth plasma membrane  disintegration/membrane rupture cell lysis  cancer major changes  immortalization transformation/proliferation angiogenesis  metastasis  evasion of apoptosis  genetic instability  influential factors environment reproductive life  lifestyle virus mutagenic  defect in DNA replication hallmarks evading growth suppressor avoiding immune destruction enabling replicative immortality  tumor promoting inflammation activating invasion & metastasis  inducing angiogenesis  genome instability & mutation resisting cell death deregulati...

energy balance: intake = output positive = intake > output, energy store as glycogen/fat metabolic rate = energy use/time factors hormone - thyroid, insulin exercise body temp age - child higher gender - male higher basal metabolic rate (BMR) = minimum waking rate of internal energy output when rest thyroid hormone - calorigenic effect epinephrine increase BMR food intake appetite center satiety center - fullness, suppress eating arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus  neuropeptide Y increase appetite melanocortin suppress adipocyte  leptin inhibit NPY neuron, stimulate melanocortin neuron pancreas insulin  stomach ghrelin = hunger hormone

4. fever vs hyperthermia DRG & VRG in control of respiratory  respiration = gas exchange between atmosphere, blood, cells  upper  nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinus, pharynx lower  larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli  airway branching conducting zone  nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles filter, warm, moisten air, conduct air into lung  respiratory zone bronchioles, alveoli  gas exchange function of respiratory system: gas exchange regulate blood pH filters unwanted materials from circulation sound olfactory sensation protect surface from dehydration, temp change - defend from invasion respiratory mucosa = conducting zone cilia + goblet cells + loose CT nose & nasal cavity cartilage & skin external nares/nostrils  vestibule 前厅 with coarse hair  olfactory epithelium = receptor warm, moisten, filter air  receive olfactory stimulus trap large airborne particles  large, hollow resonating cham...

001 1. role of endothelial cells AT - prostacyclin, NO, TFPI, tPA, uPA PT - VWF, PAI, TAFI 2. platelet structure peripheral = glycocalyx sol gel = utubule coil, open canalicular, dense tubular inner organelle BM produce plat 7-10d TPO in liver, kidney, BM lifespan 8-12d 3. primary hemostasis adhesion activation aggregation  4. VWF cleave by ADAM  bind site: collagen, plat, heparin, FVIII synthesis site: endothelial & megaK plat adhesion, protect FVIII 002  1. coagulation cascade/secondary hemostasis extrinsic/initiation TF+VIIa intrinsic/amplification XII=XI=IX common/propagation X to Xa  PT to T = thrombin burst fibrinogen to fibrin 2. natural inhibitor C&S = VIIIa, Va, PAI inhibitor TFPI = extrinsic AT = thrombin, intrinsic & common inhibitor 3. fibrinolysis  plasminogen to plasmin by tPA, uPA ((PAI inhibit tPA, uPA ((a2 antiplasmin & macroglobulin inhibit plasmin fibrin clot to FDP  ((fibrin inhibit by TAFI clear by RES ((thrombin + throm...

hemostasis blood vessel subendothelial ECM: collagen, basement membrane, VWF, microfibril, elastin, mucopolysaccharides, fibronectin, laminin role of endothelial cells antithrombin properties: produce prostacyclin & NO secrete CD39 (ADPase) glycocalyx TFPI receptor for thrombin & PC tPA & uPA prothrombin: secrete VWF  increased expression of adhesion molecules express TF  secretion of PAI-1 & TAFI injury: vasoconstriction reduce blood flow to affected area prevent exsanguination facilitate plat & coagulation contact with TF & subendothelial collagen  amine & TXA2 platelet normal: 250x10^9/L lifespan: 8-12d content peripheral zone: glycocalyx sol-gel: utubule coil, open canalicular system, dense tubular system  inner organelle: granules, mitochondria, actin  production site: BM time: 7-10d regulator: TPO in liver, kidney, BM  VWF multimeric  cleave by ADAM binding site: collagen, plat, heparin, FVIII synthesis site: endotheli...