BIOMED NOTES 24/25

energy balance: intake = output positive = intake > output, energy store as glycogen/fat metabolic rate = energy use/time factors hormone - thyroid, insulin exercise body temp age - child higher gender - male higher basal metabolic rate (BMR) = minimum waking rate of internal energy output when rest thyroid hormone - calorigenic effect epinephrine increase BMR food intake appetite center satiety center - fullness, suppress eating arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus  neuropeptide Y increase appetite melanocortin suppress adipocyte  leptin inhibit NPY neuron, stimulate melanocortin neuron pancreas insulin  stomach ghrelin = hunger hormone

4. fever vs hyperthermia DRG & VRG in control of respiratory  respiration = gas exchange between atmosphere, blood, cells  upper  nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinus, pharynx lower  larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli  airway branching conducting zone  nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles filter, warm, moisten air, conduct air into lung  respiratory zone bronchioles, alveoli  gas exchange function of respiratory system: gas exchange regulate blood pH filters unwanted materials from circulation sound olfactory sensation protect surface from dehydration, temp change - defend from invasion respiratory mucosa = conducting zone cilia + goblet cells + loose CT nose & nasal cavity cartilage & skin external nares/nostrils  vestibule 前厅 with coarse hair  olfactory epithelium = receptor warm, moisten, filter air  receive olfactory stimulus trap large airborne particles  large, hollow resonating cham...