BIOMED NOTES 24/25

Discussion skills express agreement  That's a great point, and I couldn't agree more. I absolutely agree with your idea. I couldn't agree more with you. That's definitely true because... I'm on the same page as you.  That's a great observation.  express disagreement  I'm sorry but I have to disagree with your point. I'm afraid I can't agree with you on that. I understand your point, but I have to disagree... I'm not convinced by your argument. I have to say that I see things differently. I think there might be some flaws 缺陷in your reasoning because... express partial agreement  Your idea is valid, however... I can see your point, but I also have my own perspective on this issue.  That's a good point, however... You may be right, but... That's true in a way, but... I agree with your point, but I think there's also a different perspective to consider.  when ask question ask opening question  What do you think about... Do you believe...i...

1. structure & function of lungs 2. function & significance of upper respiratory system 3. heart physiology  cardiac cycle cardio function transport nutrients, hormones remove waste products gaseous exchange immunity blood vessels transport blood  pumps blood through blood vessels heart  middle mediastinum inside pericardium oblique behind sternum 1/3 to right blood flow downward, forward, to the left covering - provide protection against friction (friction-free), prevent overfilling, protect & anchor heart + wall fibrous pericardium - conical sac base attach diaphragm anterior attach sternum by sterno pericardial ligaments posterior - principal bronchi, esophagus, descending aorta  lateral - phrenic nerve  serous pericardium  visceral pericardium = epicardium = mesothelium & CT parietal cavity with fluid  parietal pericardium  myocardium = cardiac muscle & involuntary, striated, branched fiber = pump endocardium = simple squam...

cancer define = uncontrolled division of abnormal cells apoptosis = PCD maintain homeostasis when damaged beyond repair, virus, stress, DNA damage  loss of apoptotic control can lead to cancer apoptosis morphology  discontinuous nuclear envelope condensation/shrink blebbing  DNA fragmentation = karyorrhexis apoptotic bodies - phagocytosis necrosis  swelling smooth plasma membrane  disintegration/membrane rupture cell lysis  cancer major changes  immortalization transformation/proliferation angiogenesis  metastasis  evasion of apoptosis  genetic instability  influential factors environment reproductive life  lifestyle virus mutagenic  defect in DNA replication hallmarks evading growth suppressor avoiding immune destruction enabling replicative immortality  tumor promoting inflammation activating invasion & metastasis  inducing angiogenesis  genome instability & mutation resisting cell death deregulati...

energy balance: intake = output positive = intake > output, energy store as glycogen/fat metabolic rate = energy use/time factors hormone - thyroid, insulin exercise body temp age - child higher gender - male higher basal metabolic rate (BMR) = minimum waking rate of internal energy output when rest thyroid hormone - calorigenic effect epinephrine increase BMR food intake appetite center satiety center - fullness, suppress eating arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus  neuropeptide Y increase appetite melanocortin suppress adipocyte  leptin inhibit NPY neuron, stimulate melanocortin neuron pancreas insulin  stomach ghrelin = hunger hormone

4. fever vs hyperthermia DRG & VRG in control of respiratory  respiration = gas exchange between atmosphere, blood, cells  upper  nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinus, pharynx lower  larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli  airway branching conducting zone  nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles filter, warm, moisten air, conduct air into lung  respiratory zone bronchioles, alveoli  gas exchange function of respiratory system: gas exchange regulate blood pH filters unwanted materials from circulation sound olfactory sensation protect surface from dehydration, temp change - defend from invasion respiratory mucosa = conducting zone cilia + goblet cells + loose CT nose & nasal cavity cartilage & skin external nares/nostrils  vestibule 前厅 with coarse hair  olfactory epithelium = receptor warm, moisten, filter air  receive olfactory stimulus trap large airborne particles  large, hollow resonating cham...