BIOMED NOTES 24/25

Structural classification Types of material that binds the skeleton Fibrous joint United by fibrous tissue Amount of movement depend on fiber length Sutures  Bones separated, held tautly by thin layer of fibrous tissue  Extreme tight union Little/no movement  Synostoses  Disappear at old age  Skull Fontanelles Syndesmosis 2 bones united by a sheet of fibrous tissue May be a ligament/interosseous membrane  Slight movement Between radius ulna Between tibia fibula  Gomphosis  Peg and socket Fixation of teeth in alveolar sockets: mandible, maxillae Periodontal ligament connects dental cement with alveolar bone Cartilaginous joint United by cartilage  Primary  Synchondroses  Articulating bones united by hyaline cartilage  Immovable: synarthrosis  Epiphyseal plate  Between costal cartilage of first rib and sternum  Secondary Symphyses Articular surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage United by fibrocartilage  Slight...

  PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH (PCD) Apoptosis type I cell death Apoptosis = programmed cell death • Main features: ➢ Chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation ➢ Formation of blebs on the cell surface ➢ Breakdown of cytoskeleton and nuclear envelope ➢ Cell shrinkage and formation of apoptotic bodies      Apoptosis (TEM): https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955067404001474 Apoptosis is mediated by intracellular proteolytic cascade Caspases = family of protease enzymes - catalytic activity Intracellular proteolytic cascade = irreversible amplifying chain reaction involve initiator and executioner caspases that is destructive Procaspase = inactive caspase precursor  Initiator procaspase = inactive caspase precursor activate downstream executioner caspase  Executioner caspase = degrade proteins  Intrinsic pathway (Mitochondrial pathway) Extrinsic pathway Triggered by cellular stressors  Oxidative stress free radicals and not enou...

1. Why Arts of Argument? State the 7 soft skills.  communication skills basic skills to interact with people verbal & non verbal leadership skills  conduct or manage the team teamwork skills communicate and adapt to the team critical thinking & problem solving long live learning learn from mistakes company's training ethics & moral value follow SOP morality: honest, responsible, respect proper manner & service entrepreneurship skills  build a business generate profit to company  2. British Parliament Debate. split into 2 opposing side government (in favor of motion) prime minister: introduce motion deputy PM: argue against the contention, introduce points and evidence to strengthen argument government member whip: summarize and close debate convincingly opposition (against motion) leader of opposition: argue against PM's claims, introduce motion deputy member whip each side with opening & closing teams -2 speakers each each team given time limit t...

Epidermis Function: protection excretion temp regulation synthesis of VD cutaneous sensation nonverbal communication Components: cutaneous membrane (skin) accessory structure/appendages (hair, nails, exocrine gland) Structure: avascular nourished by diffusion from capillaries of dermis stratified squamous cells arranged into strata Cells: keratinocytes (most abundant) -produce keratin for strength -form in lowest layer -dead & scale like dendritic (Langerhans) -immune cell tactile (Merkel) -detect light, touch, superficial pressure melanocytes -produce pigment for skin color -大家都有一样的量 Desquamation: deeper layer cells mitosis -move toward surface -older cells slough off Keratinization: cell move toward -fill with keratin, die & serve as layer resist abrasion -forms permeability layer Thick skin:  5 strata 6x thicker  area subject to pressure/friction palm, sole, fingertip Thin skin: 4 strata more flexible 0.08mm thick  cover rest body Stratum Germinativum: dominate...