ARTHROLOGY

Structural classification Types of material that binds the skeleton
Fibrous joint	United by fibrous tissue Amount of movement depend on fiber length
Sutures	Bones separated, held tautly by thin layer of fibrous tissue  Extreme tight union Little/no movement  Synostoses  Disappear at old age	Skull Fontanelles
Syndesmosis	2 bones united by a sheet of fibrous tissue May be a ligament/interosseous membrane  Slight movement	Between radius ulna Between tibia fibula
Gomphosis	Peg and socket Fixation of teeth in alveolar sockets: mandible, maxillae	Periodontal ligament connects dental cement with alveolar bone
Cartilaginous joint	United by cartilage
Primary	Synchondroses  Articulating bones united by hyaline cartilage  Immovable: synarthrosis	Epiphyseal plate  Between costal cartilage of first rib and sternum
Secondary	Symphyses Articular surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage United by fibrocartilage  Slightly movable: amphiarthrosis  Strong and stable  Located along midline	Intervertebral joints Symphysis pubis Manubriosternal joint
Synovial Most common type Most important type functionally  Freely movable: diarthrosis  Articulating bones separated by synovial fluid		Criteria: Articular surfaces lined by hyaline cartilage  Synovial membrane lines joint cavity, produces synovial fluid (lubricant) Bones held together by fibrous capsule
Plane	Nonaxial Small, numerous  Short gliding or sliding movements  Flat articular surfaces	Intercarpal
Hinge	Ginglymus  Uniaxial  1 axis movement  Flexion extension	Elbow Interphalangeal
Pivot	Trochoid  Uniaxial  Rotation around longitudinal axis	Proximal radioulnar Atlantoaxial
Condyloid	Ellipsoidal Biaxial Oval shaped condyle fits into elliptical cavity  Flexion extension Abd Add	Metacarpophalangeal
Saddle	Biaxial Saddle articular surfaces 2 articular surfaces riding across each other	Carpometacarpal
Ball and socket	Multiaxial Highly movable Spheroidal surface of 1 bone moves within socket of another Flexion extension Abd Add Rotation	Hip Shoulder

stability:

shape of articular surfaces

strength of ligaments and capsule 

reinforcement of tendons 

tone of muscles 

applied anatomy:

sprains

dislocation

inflammatory lesion

osteoarthritis