PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE
Research examples:
1. First pig kidney transplant in a person: what it means for the future
remove certain gene markers - recipient accept organs
2. Monkey survives for 2 years after gene-edited pig-kidney transplant
3. First sickle cell gene therapy patient
BM stem cell of sickle cell - remove mutation & put in correct gene - chemotherapy - remove all BM cell - stem cell in correct sequence replace 换血
Variations: difference btwn different organisms
Genetics: the study of how heritable traits are transmitted from parents to offspring
Gene contains info to make protein: fx product
Genes are made up of DNA and nucleotides
DNA composed of 2 strands, antiparallel
double helix held together by hydrogen bonds
base-pair = nucleotide pairing
gene and genome size determined by no of base-pairs
phosphodiester bonds link nucleotide units in nucleic acid
direction of DNA (5'-3') defined by a free 5' phosphate & 3' hydroxyl at the terminal of chain
backbone of DNA & RNA is ionic (-ve charged) & hydrophilic
Genes are physical entities (atoms) 肉眼可看
Gene has boundary: beginning and end
Gene pass a whole unless translocation (mutation
Human genome codes for 20k individual gene = 37 trillion cells
DNA organized & arranged to form chromosomes
DNA = genome
Human genome = 3 billion base pairs
History*
Fun Facts:
1. DNA in a cell = 2m when glue up together
DNA in tennis ball = 13km
If join all human DNA in one human = 500 * 150million km from earth to sun
2. smallest genome size to biggest
nematode, fruit fly, Arabidopsis thaliana, mouse, bonobo, human
3. least no of genes to most
nematode, fruit fly, mouse, bonobo, human, Arabidopsis thaliana
Application:
1. agriculture: increased yield & production, resistant to ds, extra nutrients
2. renewable energy: algae, biomass-fuel to power car
3. Dr Katalin Kariko: mRNA vaccine towards COVID19
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