ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY

 Regional approach 

-head, neck, limbs, trunk

Systemic 

-systems

Define 

1. anatomy

2. gross anatomy

3. clinical anatomy

4. surface anatomy -palpations

5. histology

6. embryology

7. neuroanatomy

Anatomical position

1. standing erect

2. head, eyes, toes directed forward

3. heels toes together

4. upper limbs hanging by the side

5. palms facing anteriorly

Anatomical planes

1. sagittal左右

-median/midsagittal

-paramedian/parasagittal

2. coronal/frontal前后 anterior posterior 

3. horizontal/transverse上下 superior inferior 

Sections

1. longitudinal/vertical - cut along longitudinal axis

2. transverse - perpendicular to longitudinal axis

3. oblique 斜切 - cut diagonally 

Gross anatomy 

1. anterior/ventral = front前

2. posterior/dorsal = back后

3. superior/cranial/cephalic = skull/cranium or head上

4. inferior/caudal = floor/tail下

5. medial = middle中

6. lateral 

7. rostral = skull

Compare

1. proximal = near trunk/origin

2. distal

3. superficial

4. profundus/deep

5.interior

6. exterior

7. ipsilateral = on same side

8. contralateral = opposite

9. palmar 

10. plantar

11. dorsal

12. supine躺

13. prone趴

Movements

1. flexion = anterior bending, decrease angle -sagittal plane

2. extension -increase angle

3. hyperextension

knee posterior bending

4. lateral flexion/bending -coronal plane 侧弯

5. abduction = limb move away from midline of body - coronal plane 开

6. adduction合

fingers - sagittal plane (middle finger as axis)

thumbs - sagittal plane

7. opposition

lower jaw - chewing

8. protraction - movement anteriorly

9. retraction - posteriorly

10. elevation - lift raise shoulder superiorly

11. depression - move a part inferiorly 

12. circumduction - circular movement of shoulder and hip转圈圈

13. rotation - medial/lateral rotation of shoulder 请进

14. inversion of foot 扭伤的姿势 sole faces in medial direction

15. eversion of foot - lateral

16. pronation - medial rotation of forearm, palm faces posteriorly 手掌向内

17. supination - forearm from pronated position, palm faces anteriorly 

Describe muscles

Skeletal muscle actions

• Prime mover 
• Antagonist 
• Fixator 
• Synergist

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