BASIC TISSUE

Types	Appearance	Function	Location
Simple squamous	Single layer Flat Disc nuclei Sparse cytoplasm	Diffusion Filtration Secretion of serous fluid	Alveoli  Cardiovascular Kidney glomeruli Serosae
Simple cuboidal	Cube cell Spherical nuclei	Absorption Secretion	Walls of kidney tubules Glands  Ovary surfaces
Simple columnar	Tall cell Oval nuclei  Goblet cell	Secretion Movement	Cilia: small bronchi, uterine tubes, uterus  No cilia: digestive, gallbladder
Pseudostratified columnar	Single layer Differ height	Secretion, propulsion of mucus	Cilia: trachea No cilia: sperm-carrying duct
Stratified squamous	Cube/columnar base Flat cells surface	Protection to abrasion	Keratin: epidermis No keratin: esophagus, mouth vagina
Stratified cuboidal	2 cell layer thick	Rare	Sweat and mammary glands
Stratified columnar	-	Limited @ transition area	Pharynx, male urethra, gland ducts
Transitional	Several layers Cuboid/columnar basal cells Dome surface	Protection  Permits distension	Lines urinary bladder  Parts of urethra Ureters
Areolar loose CT	Gel like matrix 3 fibers Fibroblasts Macrophages Mast cell WBC	Wrap and cushion organs  Supports and separates body parts Water storage site	Beneath all epithelial tissues
Reticular loose	Loose ground substance  Reticular fibers Reticular cells	Forms soft internal skeleton or stroma support other cell types WBC	Lymphoid organs
Adipose tissue	Gel like matrix Closely packed adipocytes	Reserve food store Insulate against heat loss Support and protect	Under skin Around kidneys Within abdomen In breasts
White  Unilocular  Age and sex = distribution and density of deposits  Hypodermis Insulation Richly vascularized	Polyhedral Spherical	Eccentric, flattened nuclei	Thin ring cytoplasm  Surrounds lipid droplets
Brown Multilocular   Embryo - 1st month postnatal Produces heat, protects newborn against cold	Polygonal smaller	Eccentric, not flattened nuclei	Numerous lipid droplets and mitochondria
Dense regular	Parallel collagen fibers Few elastic fibers Fibroblasts	Attach muscles to bone, m-m, b-b	Ligaments, tendons, aponeuroses
Dense irregular	Irregularly arranged collagen fibers Some elastic fibers Fibroblasts	Withstand tension in many directions Provide structural strength	Dermis Submucosa of digestive tract  Fibrous capsule
Elastic CT	Elastic fibers	Ability to stretch and coil	Vocal cords, large/medium arteries
Hyaline cartilage	Amorphous, firm matrix  Imperceptible network of collagen fibers Chondrocytes in lacunae	Support, reinforce, cushion, resist compression	Ends of long bones, trachea Embryonic skeleton Adults costal cartilage
Elastic cartilage	More elastic fibers	Maintain shape and structure Allow flexibility	Pinna/auricle  Epiglottis of larynx
Fibrocartilage	Less firm Thick collagen fibers	Tensile strength Shock absorber	Intervertebral disc Cartilage pads in knee Pubic symphysis
Osseous tissue	Hard calcified matrix Collagen fibers  Osteocytes in lacunae	Support Protection Storage of minerals  Provide levers for muscular action	BM blood
Compact bone		Exterior of bone
Spongy bone		Interior of bone
Nervous tissue	Branched neurons Long cellular processes and supporting cells	Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors	Brain Spinal cord Nerves
Skeletal muscle	Long cylindrical Multinucleated cells Striations	Voluntary	Attach to bones or skin
Cardiac	Branching Uninucleate cells Striations	Involuntary	Walls of heart
Smooth	Sheets of spindle cells with nuclei  No striations	Peristalsis  Involuntary	Walls of hollow organs

Characteristics:

Cellularity

Special contacts

Polarity

CT

Avascular but innervated

Regenerative 

Function:

Protection 

Control cell permeability 

- PTH – increase Ca2+ absorption across epithelial cells of small intestines

- Aldosterone – increases Na+ absorption across epithelia of Lumen of Henle

- Vitamin C – promotes iron absorption in small intestine

Sensation -neuroepithelia, receptors

Glandular epithelia produce secretions 

Physical integrity is maintained by:

intercellular connections

attachment to basal lamina

maintenance and repair

Location: 

Superficial

- Skin, digestive tube, reproductive tract, ureter, bladder, trachea, lungs.

Lines internal passageways

- Blood vessels, lymph system

Glands

- Sebaceous (mammary), salivary, gastric, intestinal, mucous

Tight junction

Between 2 membranes 

Adhesion belt

Prevent passage of water and it's solutes 

Desmosomes 

Cell adhesion molecules (transmembrane), dense area, intercellular cement (proteoglycans: glycosaminoglycans GAG and hyaluronan)

Button: ties cell together -intermediate filaments -bend and twist

Hemi: ties cell to basal lamina 

Gap junction

Lamina lucida: ET

Thin layer, secreted by epithelial, barrier to protein 

Lamina densa: CT 

Thick fiber, secreted by CT, strength and filtration 

Gland: more than one cells secretes aqueous fluid 

Site of product release 

Endocrine	Ductless	Secretion: aa, proteins, glycoproteins, steroids, hormones
Exocrine	Duct	Secrete onto surface
Unicellular	Goblet cell
Multicellular	Composed of a duct and secretory unit
Simple tubular	Intestinal gland
Simple branched tubular	Stomach
Simple alveolar	-
Simple branched alveolar	Sebaceous gland
Compound tubular	Brunner’s gland small intestine
Compound alveolar	Mammary gland
Compound tubu-alveolar	Salivary gland
Merocrine	Common  Cell remain intact	Exocytosis
Holocrine	Sebaceous gland	Secretion
Apocrine	Apical cytoplasm lost with secretions Sweat, mammary gland	Lactation

Cutaneous 

Mucous 

Serous

CT=cells +EC matrix (fibers +ground substance)

most abundant 

Binding 

Support and structural framework

Protection 

Insulation 

Transportation 

Storage

Immune protection

Characteristics: 

Mesenchyme origin 

Varying degrees a d vascularity 

Nonliving EC matrix 

Structure: 

Ground substance 

Interstitial, adhesion proteins (fibronectin, laminin), proteoglycans GAG

Molecular sieve which nutrients diffuse between blood capillaries and cells 

Protein, carbs, H2O, salts

Fibers 

Type I skin, bone

II hyaline & elastic cartilage 

III reticular fibers

IV basal lamina 

Collagen: tough, high tensile strength, collagen fibril

Stain eosin

Elastic: long thin, stretch, protein elastin, form branched fibers in areolar spread 

Large elastic arteries 

Stain resorcin fuchsin, aldehyde fuchsin, orcein

Reticular: branched collagenous, smooth muscle, nerves, spleen, lymph nodes, marrow 

Form network around liver cells, kidney cells, endocrine organ

Mesh like 

Stain silver and periodic acid Schiff PAS

Cells 

Fixed/resident: 

Fibroblast

quiescent/inactive/dormant -smaller, spindle, fewer processes, small dark elongated nuclei, low rER

active -abundant  & irregularly branched cytoplasm, large oval nuclei, rich rER, well-developed Golgi

myofibroblast -btwn fibroblast & smooth muscle cell, wound healing, high actin & myosin, wound closure (contraction)

Macrophages

phagocyte, derivative: monocyte, mononuclear, India ink

Adipose cells

narrow rim of cytoplasm

polyhedral/spherical cells

flat eccentric nucleus

lipid droplet

empty cells

store fat

Mast cells

large oval cells with spherical nuclei

basophilic granules cytoplasm

storage of chemical mediators of inflammatory 

release histamine

Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells 

Wondering: 

WBC

Lymphocyte

spherical cells, dense stain nuclei, NK 

Plasma cell

associate with wet epithelial surface

large oval cells with eccentric nuclei (clock face)

deeply basophilic cytoplasm

derivative: B-lymphocyte

synthesis Ab

Composition: 

+Chondroblast (cartilage), osteoblast 

Category: CT proper (loose & dense), supporting CT (cartilage & bone), fluid CT (blood)

Mesenchyme=embryonic 

Gel like with fibers, star shape cells

Embryo

Cartilage -semi solid

Chondrocyte

Secrete gel like matrix -collagen & elastic fiber

Lacunae

Provide support & withstand deformation

Ectoderm -nervous tissue 

Mesoderm -muscle, CT, endo& mesothelium 

Endoderm -mucosae 

Endo & meso -epithelial tissue