Carb met
GLUT carries glucose into cell
glucose + P by ATP = G6P via gluco hexokinase
GPT
1. Which is the primary site of glycolysis?
A. Mitochondria
B. Cytoplasm
C. Nucleus
D. Endoplasmic Reticulum
2. What is the end product of glycolysis?
A. Acetyl-CoA
B. Oxaloacetate
C. Pyruvate
D. Citrate
3. How many ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule during glycolysis (net gain)?
A. 4
B. 2
C. 6
D. 8
4. Which enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate?
A. Hexokinase
B. Aldolase
C. Enolase
D. Lactate dehydrogenase
5. In anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted into:
A. Acetyl-CoA
B. Oxaloacetate
C. Lactate
D. Glucose
6. Which of the following is NOT an intermediate of the glycolytic pathway?
A. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
B. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
C. Pyruvate
D. Acetyl-CoA
7. Gluconeogenesis primarily occurs in the:
A. Brain
B. Muscle
C. Liver
D. Kidney
8. Which enzyme is bypassed in gluconeogenesis but active in glycolysis?
A. Pyruvate carboxylase
B. Hexokinase
C. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
D. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
9. Which hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis?
A. Insulin: lowers BG
B. Glucagon
C. Estrogen
D. Thyroxine
10. Which is the main regulatory enzyme of glycolysis?
A. Pyruvate kinase
B. Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
C. Hexokinase
D. Aldolase
11. Cori cycle involves the transport of:
A. Lactate from liver to muscles
B. Lactate from muscles to liver
C. Pyruvate from kidney to liver
D. Glucose from liver to brain
12. Which pathway generates NADPH for reductive biosynthesis?
A. Glycolysis
B. TCA cycle
C. Pentose phosphate pathway
D. Gluconeogenesis
13. Which of the following is a non-carbohydrate precursor for gluconeogenesis?
A. Fatty acids
B. Glycerol
C. Cellulose
D. Urea
14. The TCA cycle occurs in the:
A. Cytosol
B. Mitochondrial matrix
C. Nucleus
D. Endoplasmic reticulum
15. How many NADH molecules are produced per glucose molecule in the TCA cycle?
A. 2
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8
16. Which enzyme converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?
A. Pyruvate dehydrogenase
B. Pyruvate kinase
C. Lactate dehydrogenase
D. PEP carboxykinase
17. The committed step of glycolysis is catalyzed by:
A. Hexokinase
B. Phosphoglucose isomerase
C. Phosphofructokinase-1
D. Pyruvate kinase
18. Which of the following is NOT a product of the pentose phosphate pathway?
A. Ribose-5-phosphate
B. NADPH
C. ATP
D. CO₂
19. Which monosaccharide directly enters glycolysis?
A. Galactose
B. Fructose
C. Mannose
D. Glucose
20. What is the role of insulin in carbohydrate metabolism?
A. Stimulates glycogenolysis
B. Stimulates gluconeogenesis
C. Inhibits glycolysis
D. Stimulates glucose uptake
21. Which coenzyme is required for pyruvate dehydrogenase activity?
A. NADP⁺
B. FAD
C. TPP (Thiamine pyrophosphate)
D. Coenzyme Q
22. Which molecule activates glycogen phosphorylase?
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Glucose
D. ATP
23. In glycolysis, ATP is used in how many steps?
A. One
B. Two
C. Three
D. Four
24. Which enzyme splits fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into two 3-carbon compounds?
A. Aldolase
B. Enolase
C. Isomerase
D. Phosphofructokinase
25. The enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase is absent in:
A. Liver
B. Kidney
C. Muscle
D. Intestine
26. Which of the following cycles operates in the muscle and liver to recycle lactate?
A. Urea cycle
B. Calvin cycle
C. Cori cycle
D. Krebs cycle
27. How many ATP equivalents are consumed in gluconeogenesis from pyruvate?
A. 2
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8
28. Which of the following is an irreversible step in glycolysis?
A. Glucose → Glucose-6-phosphate
B. G3P → 1,3-BPG
C. 3PG → 2PG
D. 2PG → PEP
29. NADH produced in glycolysis enters mitochondria via:
A. Pyruvate shuttle
B. Glycerol-3-phosphate or malate-aspartate shuttle
C. Proton pump
D. Lactate shuttle
30. The pentose phosphate pathway occurs in the:
A. Cytosol
B. Mitochondria
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Endoplasmic reticulum
COPILOT - need to ask answer
Which of the following is a catabolic process?
- A) Synthesis of complex substances
- B) Breakdown of complex substances
- C) Formation of macromolecules
- D) Utilization of ATP
What is the main function of intermediary metabolism?
- A) Synthesis of macromolecules
- B) Degradation of small molecules
- C) Both A and B
- D) None of the above
Which molecule is produced during glycolysis?
- A) Acetyl CoA
- B) Pyruvate
- C) Lactate
- D) Glucose-6-phosphate
Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?
- A) Mitochondria
- B) Cytoplasm
- C) Nucleus
- D) Endoplasmic reticulum
Which enzyme is responsible for the phosphorylation of glucose in glycolysis?
- A) Hexokinase
- B) Phosphofructokinase
- C) Pyruvate kinase
- D) Lactate dehydrogenase
What is the end product of anaerobic glycolysis?
- A) Pyruvate
- B) Acetyl CoA
- C) Lactate
- D) ATP
Which cycle is central to the oxidative breakdown of intermediates to CO2?
- A) Glycolysis
- B) Citric Acid Cycle (TCA)
- C) Pentose Phosphate Pathway
- D) Gluconeogenesis
Which molecule is a common intermediate in both catabolic and anabolic processes?
- A) Glucose
- B) Pyruvate
- C) Acetyl CoA
- D) NADH
Which of the following is NOT a major pathway of carbohydrate metabolism?
- A) Glycolysis
- B) Glycogenesis
- C) HMP shunt
- D) Lipogenesis
What is the main regulatory enzyme in gluconeogenesis?
- A) Hexokinase
- B) Phosphofructokinase
- C) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
- D) Pyruvate kinase
Which molecule is the major metabolic fuel of mammals?
- A) Fructose
- B) Galactose
- C) Glucose
- D) Lactose
What is the primary product of glycolysis?
- A) ATP
- B) NADH
- C) Pyruvate
- D) CO2
Which enzyme converts pyruvate to lactate?
- A) Hexokinase
- B) Lactate dehydrogenase
- C) Pyruvate kinase
- D) Phosphofructokinase
Which molecule is formed from pyruvate in anaerobic yeast?
- A) Ethanol
- B) Lactate
- C) Acetyl CoA
- D) Glucose
Which cycle involves the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?
- A) Glycolysis
- B) Citric Acid Cycle
- C) Pentose Phosphate Pathway
- D) Gluconeogenesis
Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?
- A) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
- B) Hexokinase
- C) Phosphofructokinase
- D) Lactate dehydrogenase
Which molecule is a precursor for gluconeogenesis?
- A) Lactate
- B) Pyruvate
- C) Alanine
- D) All of the above
Where does the Citric Acid Cycle occur?
- A) Cytoplasm
- B) Nucleus
- C) Mitochondrial matrix
- D) Endoplasmic reticulum
Which enzyme is involved in the first step of glycolysis?
- A) Hexokinase
- B) Phosphofructokinase
- C) Pyruvate kinase
- D) Lactate dehydrogenase
Which molecule is produced during the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway?
- A) NADPH
- B) ATP
- C) Pyruvate
- D) Acetyl CoA
Which enzyme is inhibited by NADPH in the pentose phosphate pathway?
- A) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- B) Phosphofructokinase
- C) Pyruvate kinase
- D) Lactate dehydrogenase
Which molecule is converted to glucose in the Cori cycle?
- A) Lactate
- B) Pyruvate
- C) Alanine
- D) Glycerol
Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate?
- A) Hexokinase
- B) Phosphoglucose isomerase
- C) Phosphofructokinase
- D) Pyruvate kinase
Which molecule is a major precursor for gluconeogenesis during starvation?
- A) Lactate
- B) Alanine
- C) Glycerol
- D) All of the above
Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate?
- A) Hexokinase
- B) Phosphofructokinase
- C) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
- D) Pyruvate kinase
Which molecule is formed from glycerol in gluconeogenesis?
- A) Glucose
- B) Pyruvate
- C) 3-phosphoglycerate
- D) Lactate
Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate?
- A) Pyruvate carboxylase
- B) Hexokinase
- C) Phosphofructokinase
- D) Pyruvate kinase
Which molecule is a product of the Citric Acid Cycle?
- A) NADH
- B) FADH2
- C) CO2
- D) All of the above
Which enzyme is involved in the conversion of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate?
- A) PEP carboxykinase
- B) Hexokinase
- C) Phosphofructokinase
- D) Pyruvate kinase
Which molecule is a key intermediate in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?
- A) Glucose-6-phosphate
- B) Fructose-6-phosphate
- C) Pyruvate
- D) All of the above
DEEPSEEK
1. What is the primary purpose of catabolism?
a) Synthesis of complex molecules
b) Breakdown of complex substances for energy
c) Storage of energy as glycogen
d) Production of NADPH
2. Which of the following is true about intermediary metabolism?
a) It involves only the degradation of macromolecules.
b) It focuses on small-molecule synthesis and degradation.
c) It occurs exclusively in the mitochondria.
d) It produces only ATP, not precursors.
3. Anabolic processes typically have:
a) Negative ΔG
b) Positive ΔG
c) No change in free energy
d) Variable ΔG depending on the cell type
### **Glycolysis**
4. Glycolysis occurs in the:
a) Mitochondria
b) Nucleus
c) Cytoplasm
d) Endoplasmic reticulum
5. How many ATP molecules are *net* produced per glucose molecule in glycolysis?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 4
d) 6
6. Which enzyme catalyzes the committed step of glycolysis?
a) Hexokinase
b) Pyruvate kinase
c) Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
d) Aldolase
7. Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to:
a) Acetyl-CoA
b) Lactate
c) Oxaloacetate
d) Ethanol (in all cells)
8. Which of the following is an allosteric inhibitor of PFK-1?
a) AMP
b) Citrate
c) Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
d) ADP
9. The final product of glycolysis is:
a) Glucose-6-phosphate
b) Pyruvate
c) Acetyl-CoA
d) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
10. Which enzyme is *not* involved in the irreversible steps of glycolysis?
a) Hexokinase
b) Pyruvate kinase
c) Phosphoglycerate kinase
d) Phosphofructokinase-1
### **Citric Acid Cycle (TCA Cycle)**
11. The primary function of the TCA cycle is to:
a) Synthesize glucose from pyruvate
b) Generate ATP, NADH, and FADH₂ from acetyl-CoA
c) Produce glycogen for storage
d) Degrade fatty acids directly
12. How many NADH molecules are produced per acetyl-CoA in the TCA cycle?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
13. Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate?
a) Aconitase
b) Isocitrate dehydrogenase
c) Succinyl-CoA synthetase
d) Malate dehydrogenase
14. The TCA cycle occurs in the:
a) Cytoplasm
b) Mitochondrial matrix
c) Nucleus
d) Golgi apparatus
15. Which of the following inhibits isocitrate dehydrogenase?
a) ADP
b) ATP
c) AMP
d) FADH₂
16. Succinyl-CoA is converted to succinate by which enzyme?
a) Succinate dehydrogenase
b) Succinyl-CoA synthetase
c) Fumarase
d) Malate dehydrogenase
### **Gluconeogenesis**
17. Gluconeogenesis primarily occurs in the:
a) Muscle
b) Liver
c) Brain
d) Red blood cells
18. Which enzyme bypasses the irreversible pyruvate kinase step in glycolysis?
a) Pyruvate carboxylase
b) PEP carboxykinase
c) Both a and b
d) Hexokinase
19. The Cori cycle involves the interconversion of:
a) Glucose and glycogen
b) Lactate and pyruvate
c) Alanine and pyruvate
d) Fructose and glucose
20. Which of the following is *not* a substrate for gluconeogenesis?
a) Lactate
b) Acetyl-CoA
c) Glycerol
d) Alanine
21. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase is inhibited by:
a) Citrate
b) AMP
c) ATP
d) Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
### **Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)**
22. The primary product of the oxidative phase of PPP is:
a) ATP
b) NADH
c) NADPH
d) FADH₂
23. Which enzyme is regulated in the PPP by NADPH levels?
a) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)
b) Transketolase
c) Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
d) Ribulose-5-phosphate isomerase
24. The PPP is most active in:
a) Muscle cells
b) Neurons
c) Erythrocytes
d) Adipocytes
### **Glycogen Metabolism**
25. Glycogen synthase is activated by:
a) Glucagon
b) Glucose-6-phosphate
c) cAMP
d) Epinephrine
26. Glycogen phosphorylase breaks glycogen into:
a) Glucose-1-phosphate
b) Glucose-6-phosphate
c) Free glucose
d) UDP-glucose
27. The debranching enzyme removes branches in glycogen via:
a) α-1,4-glycosidic bonds
b) α-1,6-glycosidic bonds
c) β-1,4-glycosidic bonds
d) Hydrolysis of ATP
### **Regulation and Integration**
28. Insulin stimulates:
a) Glycolysis
b) Gluconeogenesis
c) Glycogenolysis
d) Lipolysis
29. Which hormone activates glycogenolysis during fasting?
a) Insulin
b) Glucagon
c) Leptin
d) Cortisol
30. High ATP and citrate levels indicate:
a) Energy deficit, favoring catabolism
b) Energy surplus, favoring anabolism
c) Need for gluconeogenesis
d) Activation of PFK-1
GEMINI
Which of the following is a primary function of intermediary metabolism?
a) Synthesis of macromolecules only b) Degradation of macromolecules only c) Synthesis and degradation of small molecules d) Transport of macromolecules
-
Catabolism is best defined as:
a) The synthesis of complex substances b) The breakdown of complex substances c) The transport of substances across cell membranes d) The replication of DNA
-
In catabolic processes, the overall change in free energy (ΔG) is typically:
a) Positive b) Negative c) Zero d) Unpredictable
-
Anabolic processes generally:
a) Generate energy b) Consume energy c) Do not involve energy changes d) Break down complex molecules
-
In the general pathway of catabolism, proteins are broken down into:
a) Glucose b) Fatty acids c) Amino acids d) Nucleotides
-
The breakdown of glucose and other sugars yields which common intermediate?
a) Acetyl CoA b) Pyruvate c) Fatty acids d) Glycerol
-
The Citric Acid Cycle is also known as:
a) Glycolysis b) Electron Transport System c) Krebs Cycle d) Oxidative Phosphorylation
-
Anabolism utilizes ATP for:
a) Breaking down building blocks b) Synthesizing macromolecules c) Transporting ions d) Generating carbon dioxide
-
Which of the following is NOT a monosaccharide obtained from the diet?
a) Glucose b) Fructose c) Galactose d) Glycogen
-
In the liver, fructose and galactose are converted to:
a) Glucose b) Pyruvate c) Acetyl CoA d) Glycogen
-
Glycolysis occurs in the:
a) Mitochondria b) Nucleus c) Cytoplasm d) Endoplasmic reticulum
-
Under anaerobic conditions, glycolysis produces:
a) Pyruvate b) Lactate c) Acetyl CoA d) Carbon dioxide
-
The first step of glycolysis involves the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate, catalyzed by:
a) Phosphofructokinase b) Hexokinase or Glucokinase c) Pyruvate kinase d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
-
Which enzyme catalyzes the committed step and is a major regulatory point in glycolysis?
a) Hexokinase b) Phosphofructokinase c) Pyruvate kinase d) Aldolase
-
In glycolysis, fructose 1,6-diphosphate is split into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and:
a) Glucose-6-phosphate b) Dihydroxyacetone phosphate c) 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid d) Phosphoenolpyruvate
-
The net ATP yield of glycolysis per glucose molecule is:
a) 4 ATP b) 1 ATP c) 2 ATP d) 3 ATP
-
In anaerobic glycolysis, pyruvate is reduced to lactate by the enzyme:
a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase b) Lactate dehydrogenase c) Alcohol dehydrogenase d) Pyruvate decarboxylase
-
The primary product of glycolysis is:
a) Acetyl CoA b) Lactate c) Pyruvate d) Glucose-6-phosphate
-
Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA by which enzyme complex:
a) Pyruvate carboxylase b) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex c) Pyruvate kinase d) Phosphofructokinase
-
The citric acid cycle occurs in the:
a) Cytoplasm b) Mitochondrial matrix c) Endoplasmic reticulum d) Nucleus
-
Which of the following is NOT a product of the TCA cycle?
a) NADH b) FADH2 c) CO2 d) Pyruvate
-
The first step of the TCA cycle involves the combination of acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate to form:
a) Isocitrate b) Citrate c) α-ketoglutarate d) Succinate
-
Anaplerotic reactions:
a) Decrease the concentration of TCA intermediates b) Increase the concentration of TCA intermediates c) Inhibit the TCA cycle d) Produce Acetyl CoA
Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from:
a) Fatty acids b) Pyruvate and other precursors c) Glycogen d) Amino acids only
-
The major site for gluconeogenesis is the:
a) Muscle b) Brain c) Liver d) Kidney
-
Which of the following is a precursor for gluconeogenesis?
a) Acetyl CoA b) Lactate c) Fatty acids d) Glycogen
-
The Cori cycle involves the interconversion of glucose and lactate between:
a) Liver and kidney b) Muscle and liver c) Brain and muscle d) Adipose tissue and liver
-
The pentose phosphate pathway is important for providing:
a) ATP b) NADPH c) FADH2 d) Pyruvate
-
In erythrocytes, NADPH from the pentose phosphate pathway is essential for maintaining glutathione in its reduced state, which is needed for:
a) ATP production b) RBC membrane integrity c) Oxygen transport d) Carbon dioxide removal
-
Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen to:
a) Glucose b) Glucose-1-phosphate c) Glucose-6-phosphate d) Fructose
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