HEMATOLOGY QUIZ
According to the developmental timeline, which location ceases to be a major site of haematopoiesis around the time of birth?
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A haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gives rise to two main progenitor cell lines. Which of the following cells originates from the common lymphoid progenitor?
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What is the primary trigger for the kidneys to increase the production and release of erythropoietin (EPO)?
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Which cytokine is specifically identified as the major regulator of platelet production?
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Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has several clinical uses. Which of the following is a primary application for GM-CSF?
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Which of the following surface marker combinations is characteristic of a Haematopoietic Stem Cell (HSC)?
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What is the primary production site of Thrombopoietin (TPO)?
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Cytokines play a multifaceted role in haematopoiesis. Which of the following is NOT described as a function of cytokines in this process?
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Which cytokine primarily regulates the production, function, and survival of eosinophils and also enhances basophil function?
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During adulthood, where does the majority of blood cell production (haematopoiesis) occur?
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There are different subtypes of haemoglobin from embryo to adulthood. Please explain the significance of the different haemoglobin subtypes according to the developmental timeline.
Answer text Question 11
Haemoglobin is a tetramer with 2 alpha globin chains and 2 beta globin chains. The genes for alpha chain are on chromosome 16 whereas the genes for beta chain are on chromosome 11. These globin genes encode each type of globin subunit.
The alpha globin is encoded by the HBA1 and HBA2 genes on chromosome 16. The beta globin is encoded by the HBB gene on chromosome 11. Lastly, the delta globin is encoded by the HBD gene on chromosome 11, which forms part of HbA2.
The fetus primarily produces foetal haemoglobin (HbF) during pregnancy. HbF comprises two alpha and two gamma-globin subunits. Foetal haemoglobin which has a stronger oxygen affinity than HbA, allowing efficient oxygen flow from maternal to fetal circulation through the placenta.
While HbA is the most common adult haemoglobin. It comprises two alpha and two beta-globin subunits. It makes up 95-98% of haemoglobin in adults.
Apart from that, HbA2 is a less common adult haemoglobin. It comprises two alpha and two delta-globin subunits. It also makes up 1 to 3% of haemoglobin in adults.
Which metabolic pathway is primarily responsible for producing ATP for the RBC membrane's ion pumps through anaerobic glycolysis?
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A defect in the 'horizontal interaction' of the RBC membrane skeleton, which supports structural integrity, is characteristic of which disorder?
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The Leubering-Rapoport Shunt produces a molecule that decreases haemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. What is this molecule?
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A deficiency in Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) leads to haemolytic anaemia because it directly impairs the cell's ability to do what?
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Which of the following conditions would cause a 'left shift' in the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve, increasing oxygen affinity?
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The adult haemoglobin, Hb A, is a tetramer composed of which globin chains?
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The function of the Methaemoglobin Reductase pathway is crucial for which process?
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In the process of heme biosynthesis, which enzyme is responsible for inserting the ferrous iron (Fe2+) into protoporphyrin IX to form heme?
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Which statement accurately describes a key characteristic of the RBC membrane's phospholipid bilayer?
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During RBC destruction, the heme portion of hemoglobin is broken down. The iron (Fe2+) is recycled, and the remaining porphyrin ring is converted into what sequence of pigments?
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Describe the pathogenesis of G6PD deficiency using antimalarial drug as an example.
Answer text Question 11
G6PD is an enzyme involved to the pentose phosphate pathway. It produces NADPH, which is essential for glutathione regeneration.
People with G6PD deficiency has not enough G6PD to regenerate glutathione. Lack of NADPH and glutathione cannot neutralize the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This will leads to RBC damage and premature destruction (hemolysis).
Antimalarial drugs such as primaquine generate ROS and H2O2. The oxidative stress damages RBC membrane and denatures the haemoglobin. Haemolysis occurs leading to haemolytic anemia.
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