MTF
chigger mite, dermodex, pediculosis, scrub typhus, japanese river fever
all mosquito - larvae, virus - siphon
plasmodium-erythrocyte cleared by what phagocyte
trematodes - schistosoma, paragonimus, liver flukes
SBAQ
IFN-y & IL-12
s. hematobium eggs - terminal spine
cestode - diphyllobothrium latum, taenia, spirometra mansonoides
trematode - heterophyes2
SAQ
Sarcoptes scabiei - genus & sp, ds, pathogenesis, prevention
Ascaris lumbricoides - pathogenesis, MOT, chronic intestinal complication
Schistosoma
MOT: Skin penetration by cercaria
schistosomulae - portal vein - liver - mature - target system - lay eggs - eggs hatch - miracidia penetrate tissue - snail - sporocyst - cercaria
acute: Katayama fever, leukocytosis, hepatosplenomegaly
chronic: granuloma
venous plexus of bladder/mesenteric venules of rectum & bowel
mansoni - lateral spine 逗号 with mature miracidium 内
hematobium - terminal spine - hematuria, bladder cancer
japonicum - terminal knob
A: shell
B: knob
C: miracidium
Fasciola hepatica -liver sheep
MOT: ingestion of metacercaria from freshwater plant - watercress
excyst in duodenum - penetrate peritoneal cavity - liver capsule - biliary duct - mature - immature eggs in stool - embryonated in freshwater - miracidia - snail - metacercaria on plant
mechanical damage
parenchymal injury & severe inflammatory
acute fever, hepatosplenomegaly, GI
chronic biliary obstruction & cirrhosis, obstructive jaundice
Adult: leaf
Eggs: ellipsoidal, operculum, thin shell
Clonorchis sinensis - SEA
Eggs: ovoid, yellow-brown shell, jug shaped, operculated with shoulder & small knob
Adult: flat, transparent, spatulate body, pointed anterior, round posterior, branched testes
Opistorchis viverrini - Thai
MOT: ingestion of metacercaria from freshwater fish
biliary obstruction
cholangiocarcinoma
Adult: lobed testes
Fasciolopsis buski -intestinal, pig=RH
MOT: ingestion of metacercaria from freshwater plant -water chestnut
GI
heavy infection - VB12 anemia
Heterophyes2
Metagonimus yokogawai
MOT: ingestion of metacercaria from freshwater fish
diarrhea, fatal myocardial, brain
Paragonimus westermani -pulmonary
MOT: ingestion of metacercaria from crustaceans
miracidia - snail - cercaria - crabs - metacercaria - MOT - excyst & migrate to lungs - eggs in sputum - cough & swallow - excrete in feces - eggs release miracidia
hemoptysis
Jacksonian epilepsy
Adult: large, robust, ovoid, a lobed ovary located anterior to 2 branching testes, oral & ventral suckers
hermaphroditic
Mosquitoes (Order: Diptera; Sub: Nematocera; Family Culicidae)
proboscis - feeding organs
antennae - sensory organ detect odor, sweat, vibration, motion
maxillary palps - detect CO2 & host chemicals - light movement
cercus - motion, mating, vibration
male - bushy antennae & long palps
female - feathery antennae & short palps
| Anopheles | Aedes | Culex |
Eggs | Laid singly Pair of lateral floaters | Laid singly No float | Laid raft No float |
Larvae | Rest parallel to water surface No air tube Head rotate 180° when feeding | Air tube short & stout Pair of hair tuft | Air tube long & slender Several hair tuft |
Adults | Maxillary palps = proboscis Wings spotted Proboscis & body in 1 axis | Maxillary palps shorter Wings clear Abdominal tip pointed Proboscis & body in 2 axis | Abdominal tip round |
characteristics | Mansonia spp | Anopheles spp | Culex spp |
Morphology (adult stage) | - dusty - Dark-coloured mosquito -wings speckled -body robust | -slender mosquito -spotted wings -female palp as long as proboscis | -brown mosquito Wings clear -female palp shorter than proboscis |
Resting position | Body parallel to resting surface | Body at 45° angle | Body parallel to resting surface |
Habitat | Breed in ponds, swamps with aquatic plant | Stagnant water | Stagnant polluted water Blocked drains |
Morphology (larvae stage) | -Larvae attach to aquatic plants using siphon -modified trumpets pierce air-filled tissue of plants to obtain O2, surface-acting larvicides ineffective as larvae gain O2 from plant not at water surface | -No siphon -Larvae lie parallel to water | -Long siphon present -larvae hang obliquely from surface |
Morphology (egg stage) | Eggs laid in masses - glued to lower sides of aquatic plant | Eggs laid singly with lateral floats
| Eggs laid in rafts in water surface |
Parasitic disease that can be transmitted | Lymphatic filariasis (Brugia malayi) | Malaria (Plasmodium spp) | Lymphatic filariasis (Japanese encephalitis) - urban |
| Ae. aegypti | Ae. albopictus |
Origin | Africa | Tropical |
Location | Urban & rural | Rural |
Breeding site | Man made containers | Natural (tree holes), artificial containers |
Peak biting | After sunrise, before sunset, in & out doors | After sunrise, before sunset, outdoor |
Flight distance | 50-100m | 50-100m |
Morphology | Silvery-white lyre-shaped on scutum Pitchfork shaped comb scales in 1 row | Distinctive single white stripe runs along scutum Straight thorn-like comb scales in 1 row |
Eggs: black, rugby ball, withstand dryness for 6 mth, laid in wet places, between air & water interface
Control: Source reduction (destroying water containers), Larviciding with Abate (Temephos), and fogging (Malathion).
Surveillance
- Ovitrap: black jar partially filled with clean water, a piece of hard cardboard of wooden paddle vertically inside, female lay eggs on paddle
- to evaluate population
- to monitor effectiveness of control
House Index (HI) >5%
Container Index (CI)
Breteau Index (BI): no of positive containers per 100 houses in a specific location - >20
Ovitrap Index
Anopheles spp.:
Culex spp.:
Breeding site: rice field (tritaenorhynchus), gelidus (deep pools), stagnant polluted water (vishnui, quinquefasciatus)
Control: Polystyrene beads in latrines, improving drainage, and JE vaccination for pigs/humans.
Mansonia spp.:
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