Role and distribution of microbes 1

Holobiont = humans are superorganisms composed of human and microbial cells evolving together 
Microbes = essential partners 
Balance vs imbalance, good vs bad 

Microbiome = combined genetic material of microbes in a particular environment 
Microbiota = microbes in specific environment 

Types of microbes: 
Bacteria - firmicutes - Strep Lacto, bacteriodetes, proteobacteria - Klebsiella Enterobacter, actinobacteria 
Virus 
Fungi - basidomycota, ascomycota 
Archaea
Protist 

Distribution of microbes: ✓
Skin - Actinobacteria - Propionibacterium acnes, Cornyebacterium 1000 21%
Mouth 600+ 26%
Upper respiratory tract 600+ 14%
GIT 25 in stomach 500-1000 in intestine 29%
Urogenital tract - Lactobacillus 60sp 9%

Functions: 
Metabolic contribution 
Promote tissue integrity and development 
Immune modulation 
Protection from pathogens 

Roles: 
Facilitate nutrients and vitamin acquisition 
"
Stimulate innate and adaptive immune system 
Provide colonization resistance against pathogen invasion 

Factors influencing microbial composition: 
Birth and early life - vaginal delivery, C section, breastmilk 
Diet and lifestyle - fiber promote beneficial microbe grow & produce short chain fatty acid, high fat & sugar ↓ diversity 
Medications - Clostridium difficile infection ✓
Environment and lifestyle - urban ↓ vs rural ↑ diversity 
Stress and behavior - eating behavior, sleep & circadian rhythm 

Disease: 
Cancer - pro/anti tumorigenic of metabolite mediated interaction// direct control proliferation and cell cycle → activate inflammatory cells → disrupt vascular barrier → metastasis 
Irritable bowel syndrome 
Inflammatory bowel disorder 
Rheumatoid arthritis 
Obesity ↑ firmicutes: bacteriodetes 
T2D
Colorectal cancer ↑ e coli promote carcinogenesis 
Chronic liver disease 
Clostridium difficile infection - antibiotic ✓
Mental health disorder - gut-brain axis 

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