Roles and distribution of microbes 2

Factors make microbes thrive: GERM SEP
Genetic exchange 
Ecological interaction 
Rapid reproduction 
Metabolic versatility 
Small size & large surface area 
Extreme adaptability 
Pervasive environment presence 

Factors govern microbial growth: 
Resources: carbon, nitrogen, micronutrients SPK Mg, electron receptor sulphate, inorganic electron donors H2
Environmental: temperature, water, pH, oxygen, light, osmotic conditions 
Biological: competition for space and resources, predation, symbiosis 

Environment reservoir: ✓
1. Soil CBB
Clostridium tetani 
Bacillus anthracis 
Burkholderia pseudomallei - wet soil, rice paddy, stagnant water 

2. Water
Freshwater 
Vibrio cholera - flood 
Leptospira interrogans - rice field, flood 
Free living amoeba 
Acanthamoeba - granulomatous encephalitis 
Naegleria fowleri - warm freshwater - PAM
Biofilms in water systems  LP PA
Legionella pneumophila - hospital & hotel 
Pseudomonas aeruginosa - medical device 

3. Air 
Fungal spores HA
Aspergillus fumigatus 
Histoplasma capsulatum - cave, construction 
Aerosol 
Coxiella burnetti - Q fever - cattle, goat, sheep - inhale dust from contaminated wool, birthing fluid, placenta 
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 

4. Built environment & agriculture 
Hospital 
Acinetobacter baumannii 
Staph aureus 
Agriculture 
Strep suis - pig 

Environmental drivers of amr: 
Environmental resistome 
Antibiotic residue in water and soil
Horizontal gene transfer 

Hotspot: ✓
Aquaculture pond - colistin mcr-1, carbapenem blaNDM - selection pressure ✓
Irrigation canals 
Hospital wastewater 
Animal farms 

Beneficial roles: 
1. Antibiotic discovery ✓
Soil - mrsa from streptomyces 
Limestone soil - anti TB from actinomycetes 
Marine sediment - lipopeptide from bacillus 

2. Phage therapy ✓
Environmental wastewater 
Phage against multi drug resistant e coli = superbug

3. Probiotics 
Bacillus clausii - soil 
Saccharomyces boulardii - 果皮

4. Bioremediation = degrade pollutants 
Pseudomonas putida degrade ciprofloxacin in hospital wastewater 
Bioaugmentation = + selected strain to contaminated site → enhance degradation 

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