CELLS
Cells
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Cell membrane
Plasma membrane
lipid
ICF ECF
selectively permeable
phospholipid
amphipathic
protein span/partially span membrane: CAM, receptor, carrier, enzyme, self-marker
carbs attach outer surface + regulatory molecules
cholesterol stabilize membrane
Fluid Mosaic Model
fx:
barrier separate outside & inside of cell
control flow of substances
identify cell -immune cells
intercellular signaling
Membrane proteins
integral: intrinsic, transmembrane, attach to one side of bilayer by covalent bond to FA
peripheral: extrinsic, cytoskeleton, attach to polar head/integral
glycoprotein: protein + carbs grp, protrude into ECF
glycocalyx: glycolipid + glycoprotein, cell recognition
channels
carrier molecules -thyroid gland iodine carrier
receptor
docking marker acceptors
membrane-bound enzymes
cell adhesion molecules CAM -cadherins
Movement
uncharged molecules move freely: water, ammonia, O2, CO2
Cytoplasmic organelles
Nucleus
control center
nucleolus produce ribosome & RNA synthesis
nuclear envelope
chromatin
DNA direct protein synthesis & serve as genetic blueprint during replication
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
cytosol = fluid
Cytoskeleton
filaments & fibers: microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments
mechanical support, anchor organelles, move substances
ER
endomembrane
sER: lipid synthesis
rER: protein synthesis
Ribosome RNA
GA modify, packages, deliver proteins
Vesicles store substances
Mitochondria
double membrane
cellular respiration
ATP
Lysosome
digestive enzyme
Centrosome
centrioles
produce cilia (propel substance), flagella
Peroxisome
detoxification
ECM = elastin, fibronectin
CAM = selectin, integrin
growth of embryonic tissue & nerve cells
Specialized cell junctions
tight: close space btwn cells, adjacent cells bind together, impermeable, epithelial lining
desmosome: spot welds, plaque & cadherins, uterus
gap: tubular channels btwn cells, cardiac muscle cell
Cell cycle (apoptosis, necrosis)
Mitosis & meiosis
Tumors
benign - remain localized
malignant - invasive, metastasize, cancerous
oncogenes activate other genes that increase cell division
tumor suppressor genes normally regulate mitosis - immortal cells
Stem cell
Progenitor cell
MELAS = mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, stroke-like episodes
mitochondria missing a gene to carry out energy producing reactions
usually inherited by mom
causes stroke, severe headaches, muscle weakness, numb hands
ALD = adrenoleukodystrophy
peroxisomes are missing enzymes
causes dizziness, weakness, darkening skin, abnormal heart rhythms
Tay-Sachs Disease
lysosomes abnormally large & lack one enzyme
causes nervous system failure & early death
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